My visit to Dali University, Yunnan, China, as Visiting Professor... Part-4

We tasted ‘Szechwan pepper’....

During our stay in Dali, Yunnan, China, I and my wife tasted a variety of Chinese cuisines, but in vegetarian form. Our son, a foodie, through WhatsApp queried if we have tasted dishes incorporated with ‘Szechwan pepper’. We knew black and white pepper varieties, but couldn’t quickly pick up this new Chinese pepper....!

‘Szechwan’ or Sichuan pepper or Chinese pepper is an interesting spice, used in several Chinese non-vegetarian cuisines in Dali, Yunnan, China. Though it is not uncommon in southern India and even Nepal and Thailand, surprisingly we had not tasted this earlier, apparently because of our vegetarianism....

In Konkani and Marathi, Szechwan pepper is called ‘tephal’ or ‘triphal’. In view of its pungent, biting taste and deep, penetrating fragrance, it is also called as ‘mistress of spices’. Though grown in several parts of Konkan and coastal Karnataka, shame it is, we had not seen this plant so far. Sichuan pepper is used I believe mostly in fish-curries in Maharastra and part of Karnataka in southern India.  A species of Zanthoxyllum and member of citrus family Rutaceae, Szechwan is very pungent and hot, hot.... I tried both fresh and dry pepper, in Dali. Eaten raw, it numbs your lips....; and it has an interesting, slowly penetrating aroma...! The dried husk around the black, shining seeds is the ingredient used in curries.

In most Chinese Szechwan cooking, they use this pepper. Hot dishes roll out the pepper fragrance all around the dining hall, within minutes. Prof. Su ensured that a vegetarian alternative was prepared and served to us in Dali. What an amazing taste it was..!. The tingling and numbing taste lasted a couple of hours in my mouth...!  Prof. Su took me to Dali University campus and showed a small tree in the backyard of a staff quarters. I was told that the species we saw is Zanthoxyllum schiniffolium. I am told that Chinese also use this pepper as an ingredient in certain herbal medicines.

Said to be the culinary cousin to black or white pepper, Szechwan is used in some of south Indian fish-based non-vegetarian dishes for which unfortunately I have no taste buds. The plant grows like a shrub or a small evergreen tree and produces red, warty fruits. Raw fruits are very pungent. Dried fruit husks hold the fragrance for a year, if stored in air-tight containers.

Szechwan pepper is a new entrant in our kitchen shelf......!

 Szechwan pepper tree in Dali with red fruits

 It's a small, evergreen tree

 Freshly harvested fruits

 Dried fruit-husk, as spice...

Vegetarian dish embedded with Szechwan pepper, in Dali

D. Jayarama Bhat

(To continue...)

My visit to Dali University, Yunnan, China, as Visiting Professor... Part-3

We enjoyed ‘Song-rong’ (Tricholoma matsutake Ito & Tmai) Singer, a high-value mushroom delicacy in China...

 

On the 4^th day of our visit in Dali University, Yunnan, China, I found Prof. Su in the Department quite excited, in the morning. I asked the reason for her exhilaration. She showed a bag-full of big-sized, white to brown-coloured robust mushrooms called ‘Song-rong’, botanically known as Tricholoma matsutake (Ito & Tmai) Singer, which she bought in the open market in old city of Dali, Yunnan, China.

These robust, brown-coloured mushrooms had 5-15 cm wide cap and 5-12 cm long stalk or stipe. The stipe was quite filled and sturdy. I was curious to know more about the fungus. Tricholoma matsutake, locally called ‘Song-rong’ or ‘Matsutake’ meaning ‘pine mushroom’ in Chinese (matsu = pine; take = mushroom), has a distinct aromatic odour (like chilled cinnamon?) and is a highly sought after mushroom in China. The fungus grows in mycorrhizal symbiotic association with tree-roots and the fungus is common in high altitude mountains of Yunnan province (1800-2200 m) where pine plantations (Pinus yunnensis) are predominant. In autumn (July to October), the mushrooms appear in plenty in pine tree-bases and local villagers harvest Song rong and sell in open market across Yunnan. Song rong or Matsutake is said to be the costliest among the wild edible mushrooms of China.... 

Known as a culinary delicacy from the time of Song dynasty in 1050 AD, Song-rong or Matsutake is said to bring good fortune and fertility in the society in China. The villagers harvest the mushrooms, sort out and grade them (based on size and closeness of cap) before bringing to the market. Freshly harvested mushrooms are in very high demand. Soon after purchase, the mushrooms are cleaned, sliced and eaten either raw or par-boiled. The sliced mushrooms are also sun-dried, canned and stored for consumption in off season. 

Interestingly, song-rong is also eaten raw. Prof. Su desired and further ensured that I eat enough Matsutake mushroom, in view of its rarity and delicacy, during lunch that day. Accordingly, the whole aquatic fungi group got readied, carefully scraped the surface mud using scalpel and thoroughly washed the mushrooms in running tap water. The king of mushrooms was ready for consumption. Mr Zonglong had brought ‘wasabi’ (pungent chilli paste) from market, mixed it with soya sauce. The fresh, clean mushroom was thinly sliced, dipped in wasabi-soya sauce solution and eaten raw. I ate plenty. The intense odour of mushroom was like ‘chilled cinnamon’. I didn’t know till then that mushrooms also are eaten raw. It was a whole new experience....

Prof. Su and the group sliced the whole lot of Song-rong mushrooms, sun-dried and canned in air-tight plastic containers. I understand that they would rehydrate the sliced mushrooms and prepare mushroom soup in off-seasons. 

I am truly fortunate to have eaten this great, king of mushrooms in this trip to China.....! 

 Freshly harvested Song rong mushrooms 

 King of mushrooms

 Cleaning the mushrooms

 Thinly slicing the mushrooms

 Sliced mushrooms

 Sun-drying the sliced mushrooms

 Fresh, sliced mushroom eaten raw...!

  Wasabi and soya sauce

D. Jayarama Bhat, M.Sc., Ph.D., D.Sc.

 

(To continue....)     

 

My visit to Dali University, Yunnan, China, as Visiting Professor... Part-2: Looking at microfungi .......

Microfungi

Fungi grow in diverse habitats and substrates. With a variety of digestive enzymes, fungi decompose dead organic matter of plant or animal origin and thereby aid in recycling the huge amount of waste that gets accumulated on the face of this earth. Fungi are considered as world’s best biodegraders...

As part of global/national biodiversity documentation programme, fungi are collected from different habitats, taxonomically identified and preserved in live or dead form in repositories and harbaria. Countries around the world including India have taken initiatives in this direction. While in service, along with my students I have done this exercise extensively with great interest and documented the micro-fungi of forests and freshwater streams of Western Ghats in southern India in  a big way.  Post-retirement, I offer free assistance in fungal identifications to needy institutions and scholars.... 

Aware of my expertise on fungal taxonomy, especially asexual-morph fungi, a couple of institutions invited me for short duration, seeking help. What is more exciting for me than seeing fungi...! It’s sheer joy that I derive from this exercise....  

Aquatic Fungi in Dali University 

Yunnan in south-west of China is a mountainous area. While travelling along the Kunming-Dali highway, we had glimpses of some of these mighty mountain peaks. There are several rivers and one of the major watercourses in the province being Mekong river which further flows down as boundaries between Laos and Myanmar and then between Laos and Thailand. Yunnan province is also known to have largest diversity of plant and animal life in China.

Prof. Hongyan Su, my host in Dali University, is handling a major research project aimed at exploring aquatic fungi of Yunnan province including the Mekong river upper catchment area. Along with students, she carried out numerous field trips to different rivers and sourced sizable quantity of fungal specimens which they processed further. They prepared neat slides of the fungi, examined them under microscope, took photo-micrographic pictures, wrote descriptions and cultured in agar media and further sequenced the fungal genomes.  

On reaching Dali, from the very next day, I sat with them and looked at these fungi. I helped them to taxonomically identify and document the fungi. The aquatic fungi of Yunnan are undoubtedly very huge in their diversity. Besides, I gave a couple of class-room presentations and explained how to work and identify the fungi. No doubt, we encountered several novelties and to my great surprise I saw many of the fungi for the first time in my mycological journey. I knew many of those only in literature. Such an amazing fungal diversity we saw.  Students of Prof Su are hard working, studious and methodical and more than that they are very eager to learn.  Excellent pictures they took. Time ran speedily and meantime we saw numerous fungi....

Prof. Su's Lab

 We looked at numerous fungi 

 I gave a lecture on how to work with Microfungi

 With Mr Zonglong who coordinated my visit to Dali University

 With my host, Prof. Hogyan Su, Dean College of 

Agriculture & Biotechnology, Dali University

 When I lectured on fungi

D. Jayarama Bhat

(To continue...)       

My visit to Dali University, Yunnan, China, as Visiting Professor... 

Part-1

Origin of this trip:

Mr. Lu Zonglong, one of the research scholars at Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand, asked me last year while I was there as a Visiting Professor, whether I would consider a visit to his University for a short duration.... On query, he replied that he comes from Dali University, Yunnan Province, China and his supervisor Prof Hongyan Su, Dean, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Dali University, handles a major research project on aquatic fungi of mountain streams of Yunnan Province in south-western China, including the upper Mekong river catchment area. My curiosity naturally rose when he said it is regarding looking at aquatic micro-fungi which is very dear to me...

Preparations:

Mr Zonglong and his mentor at Dali University Prof Su worked out a brief programme and invited me as Visiting Professor to Dali University for a short duration of my choice time. We agreed upon that convenient time would be later half of August 2017. Along with an invitation letter, they sent return travel tickets to me and my wife, the route being Goa-Delhi-Kunming by fight and Kunming-Dali by road. I obtained our travel Visa from Chinese Consulate in New Delhi. 

Our trip to Dali via Kunming:

We set out to Dali, Yunnan, China, on 14^th August 2017. We left Goa at 8:30 am, our flights were on time and we reached Kunming airport at 10:30 pm local time. Authorities at both Delhi and Kunming airports were very courteous and helpful. As we came out of the airport in Kunming, Mr. Zonglong received us with an affectionate smile and hug. He accommodated us in a nice place ‘Nissi Holiday Hotel’ in Kunming that night.

At departure lounge, Delhi Indira Gandhi International Airport

Overnight stay in Kunming

Located about 1900 m above sea level, Kunming, the capital of Yunnan Province in south-west of China, is known as the ‘city of eternal cool’ for its pleasant climate and greenery round the year. It was said to be the gateway to ‘silk road’ in early times that facilitated trade with India, Myanmar and beyond. Today it is the provincial modern capital of Yunnan and most popular tourist destination in southwest China.

Road travel from Kunming to Dali:
We got ready early next day. Taking bread-butter, baked beans, fruits and coffee as breakfast in the hotel, along with Mr Zonglong we set out to Dali in a hired car at 9:00 am. Kunming to Dali, 330 km 6-lane highway, was a pleasant drive. Though we had intermittent rain on the way, the car took us to our destination in 4 hours. For my queries, our friend Zonglong gave detailed explanations on places, people and culture of the region. Beautifully landscaped motorway from Kunming to Dali with several well-lit tunnels, it’s picturesque all along! High mountains, valleys and cultivated fields, it is green everywhere. People of north-west of China cultivate predominantly maize along the slopes this time of the year and besides we saw stretches of fruit orchards and pine forests. At intervals along the road, there are gas stations coupled with restaurants and washrooms.

I particularly noticed that the cities of Kunming, Dali and entire stretch of Kunming-Dali highway are absolutely clean. We didn’t see even a piece of paper or plastic littered anywhere on the roadsides, public places and parks. Those washrooms along the motorway were absolutely clean and sparkling...! Such clean places are prerequisites for a good living....

6-lane highway from Kunming to Dali is a high-speed motorway...

 Maize cultivation along the slopes in Yunnan province

Amazing road network in China

  

Roads, crisscrossed by road and rail-flyovers.....

On reaching Dali:

We reached Dali at 1:30 pm local time. Prof. Hongyan Su fondly received us at the entrance of City of Dali and took us straight to a restaurant named ‘84000WAYS’ for lunch. Her research students also joined for lunch. It was a sumptuous vegetarian meal with rice, noodles, curry, mushroom pizza, baked vegetables and an aromatic spicy pumpkin soup. I queried with chief chef on the name of the hotel; she replied that it meant Lord Buddha preaching 84000 ways of attaining peace and enlightenment..... Noble thought indeed! 

With Prof Su (in black) and her research students 

After lunch, we were taken to the place of our stay, a nice accommodation in the proximity of Dali University, where we resided next two weeks... 

D. Jayarama Bhat

(To continue....)

A brief Report on COEIC-2017 held at Centre of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand, during 11-13 Jan 2017.........

Prologue:

International Conference, ‘Towards a Natural Classification & Industrial Utilization of Fungi (COEIC-2017)’, held during 11-13 Jan 2017 at the Centre of Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand, was conceptualised by Dr Kevin D. Hyde, Director of Centre of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand, and his research students to mark 80 years of distinguished living and service of the world renowned marine mycologist, Prof E B Gareth Jones under whose guidance Prof. Hyde and a host of students were graduated with doctoral degrees on varied mycological subjects, viz. taxonomy, biology, ecology and utilization of fungi...

A day-before:

Invited guests and registered delegates from Thailand and overseas arrived a day before and a few of them even before that.... I was invited as one of the keynote speakers at the Conference and reached MFLU on 10 Jan 2017.  The delegates and invited speakers were accommodated in various guest houses in the picturesque Mae Fah Luang University campus which is popularly called ‘A University in a Park’! Undoubtedly, Mae Fah Luang University located about 15 km away from the city of Chiang Rai on the Chiang Rai-Mae Sai highway, is a magnificent campus. The main building-complex is very imposing and taking a picture with the buildings in the background will be anybody’s dream-come-true wish...

Within the University campus, I was put up at ‘Wanasom Resort & Spa’, with an overview of a serene lake, is a wonderful place to stay in Chaing Rai......!

Day-1(11/01/2017)

Inauguration:

Dr Kevin D. Hyde, chief organiser of the programme welcomed the guests and delegates. In his opening remarks, he narrated the reason for holding the event and traced in detail the family and academic life of Prof E.B. Gareth Jones whose 80^th birthday celebration was part of the programme.  A documentary on Prof Gareth’s life prepared by his students was presented during the inaugural session. Dr Hyde added that another renowned mycologist Dr Eric McKenzie, Landcare Labs, New Zealand, closely associated with the Centre of Excellence in Fungal Research, also completed 70 years of distinguished service and living. A number of students graduated under the guidance of Prof Gareth Jones during his long service in Portsmouth Polytechnic, UK, and in Thailand had attended the Conference.

The President of Mae Fah Luang University, Dr Vanchai Sirichama, in his inaugural address elaborated on the academic and research activities and highlighted the major achievements of the University in the short span of 18 years of its existence and specially lauded the efforts made by the Director, staff and students of Centre of Excellence in Fungal Research by contributing high quality research publications since inception and declared the conference open.

Session I: Marine and Freshwater Fungi:  

In his Keynote Address, taxonomy and diversity of wood-degrading marine fungi, Prof E.B. Gareth Jones, formerly Professor in Portsmouth Polytechnic, UK, reviewed the growth of marine mycology in general and his personal contributions towards the understanding of taxonomy, biology, ecology and utilization of marine mycota. Prof Gareth was felicitated at the hands of Dr Eric McKenzie who chaired the first session. Five papers, presented during the session, dealt in detail on diversity of marine, freshwater, mangrove and manglicolous fungi in sea waters and fungal diversity and sec metabolites of deep-sea sediment fungi in the s-e-Asian region. Some of the papers presented on the subject by young scholars were rich in their contents and truly excellent.....

 

Session II: Plant Pathology:

Dr Joanne E. Taylor of Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, in her keynote address dealt at length on ‘The tree microbiome as part of the extended phenotypes’. Papers on ecological speciation of phytopathogenic fungi, fungal plant-biocontrol agents, Botryospheariaceae, genetic diversity of Fusarium oxysporum cubense, Tar-spot diseases and fruit-crop diseases caused by fungi were presented by different speakers in this session.

The day was concluded with a grand welcome diner hosted by the Organisers of the Conference.

 

Day 2 (12/01/2017)

Session 3:  Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi:

Chaired by Prof Gareth Jones and Dr Sarenyphath Boonmee, the session commenced with two keynote addresses entitled (i) ‘Establishing new fungal species: ramifications and recommendations’ by Dr Rajesh Jeeewon of University of Mauritius, followed by (ii) ‘OFF, ON – did something change? One fungus-One name and its effect on Basidiomycetous fungi’ by Dr Eric McKenzie, Formerly, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Four excellent oral papers were presented on different aspects of fungal phylogeny and taxonomy by young mycologists of the region in this session.

 

 Session 4, Fungal Systematics   

Chaired by Drs Puttarack Chomnunti and Ratchadwan Cheewangkoon, the afternoon session began with a keynote address entitled ‘Conidiogenesis in Ascomycota: A perusal from current taxonomic perspective’ by Prof. D. Jayarama Bhat, Formerly, Department of Botany, Goa University, India, followed by 5 oral presentations on subjects such as bamboolicolous fungi, systematics of Diaporthales, Chaetothyriales and Sydowiellaceae.

The day ended with a surprise but wonderfully organised, grand 80^th birthday celebration of Prof E.B. Gareth Jones in whose recognition this Conference was conducted. I took the opportunity to greet Prof Gareth on his 80^th birthday, with a traditional shawl, from India. The event with several cultural programmes by research students went on well with plenty to eat and cherish...

 Day 3 (13/01/2017)

Session 5: Ecological and economic roles of fungi across the SE Asian region:

Drs Samantha Chandrakanth Karunaratna and  Peter Motimer chaired the session. Dr Peter Mortimer of Kunming Institute of Botany, China, delivered the keynote address entitled ‘Landscape scale distribution models and diversity of mushrooms in SE Asian forests’. In all, 7 papers were presented on different aspects of mushroom biology and economics. Mushrooms being a popular culinary and medicinal subject of the region, topics of these papers became the focal theme of enthusiastic discussions during the whole day.

Session 6: Fungal Biotechnology

Chaired by Dr Nattawat Booneyen and Ms Benjarong Thongbai the session, Prof. Marc Stadler, Mikrobielle Wirkstoffe, Germany, delivered the keynote address entitled ‘Phylogeny and functional biodiversity of Xylariaceae’. Four papers were presented in the session on various aspects of fungal biotechnology and economics.

Session 7: Ranking and Evolution

Chaired by Dr. Sinag Hongsanan and Prof Marc Stadler, of Mae Fah Luang University, Thailand, the session witnessed presentation of four papers on fungal ranking and evolution. It was interesting to note that the scholars were able to trace the evolutionary lineages of fungi based on molecular evidences and statistical analyses.

Poster-paper presentation

During the Conference, 25 excellent poster papers, on varied aspects of fungal taxonomy, molecular biology, utilization and bioeconomics, were displayed and explained by young scholars of the s-e-Asian region.

End of day 3, the conference was declared closed by Prof. Kevin D. Hyde.

Epilogue:

Undoubtedly, this is a well-organised International Conference. Excellent papers were presented or displayed during the 3 days. I congratulate the organisers for their untiring efforts which made the programme a grand success. This meticulously organised and academically rich event is one more feather in the achievements of Centre of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Thailand........

By:

D. Jayarama Bhat

Formerly, Department of Botany, Goa University

Picturesque campus and main building of Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand

Prof. D. Jayarama Bhat in front of Mae Fah Luang University.............

Wanasom Resort & Spa, in Mae Fah Luang University campus, where the invited guests are put up during the Conference........ 

Prof E.B.Gareth Jones, facilitated by the President of Mae Fah Luang University, Dr. Vanchai Sirichama  

Prof. Dr Kevin D. Hyde, Director of Centre of Excellence in Fungal Research and Chief Organiser of the programme welcoming the guests and delegates....

Prof. E.B. Gareth Jones, delivering his keynote address,  Taxonomy and diversity of wood-degrading marine fungi, at Session 1..........

Participants attending the Conference.........

Dr Joanne E. Taylor of Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, delivering keynote address ‘The tree microbiome as part of the extended phenotypes’,  at Session 2........

Welcome dinner on day 1....

Keynote address 1, ‘Establishing new fungal species: ramifications and recommendations’ by Dr Rajesh Jeeewon of University of Mauritius at Session 3... 

Keynote address 2, 'OF, ON – did something change? One fungus-One name and its effect on Basidiomycetous fungi’ by Dr Eric McKenzie, Formerly, Landcare Research, New Zealand at Session 3.....

 

Keynote address ‘Conidiogenesis in Ascomycota: A perusal from current taxonomic perspective’ by Prof. D. Jayarama Bhat, Formerly, Department of Botany, Goa University, India, at Session 4..

Prof. Bhat felicitating Prof E.B. Gareth Jones, on his 80th birthday......

Dr Peter Mortimer, Kunming Institute of Botany, China, delivering keynote address in Session 5..

 

Dr. Marc Stadler, Mikrobielle Wirkstoffe, Germany, delivering the keynote address entitled ‘Phylogeny and functional biodiversity of Xylariaceae’ in Session 6..... 

Invited delegates at the Conference........